Study Of The Sugar Industry In Pakistan Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3991 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The sugar industry plays an important role in the economy of the country. It is the second largest industry after textiles. The sugar sector constitutes 4.2 per cent of manufacturing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of The Sugar Industry In Pakistan Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In size, the sugar sector almost matches the cement sector  [1]  , however, its many backward (sugarcane growers) and forward linkages (food processors) in the economy indicate that its indirect socio-economic impact in overall terms is significantly larger than its direct contribution to GDP. At the time of independence in 1947, there were only two sugar factories in Pakistan. The output of these factories was not sufficient for meeting the domestic requirements. The country started to import sugar from other countries and huge foreign exchange was spent on this item. Need was felt to increase the production of sugar. Keeping in view the importance of sugar industry, the Government setup a commission in 1957 to frame a scheme for the development of sugar industry. In this way the first sugar mill was established at Tango Muhammad Khan in Sind province in the year 1961.  [2] No. of Mills Crushing Capacity 6.1 Million tones Contribution to Economy Share in GDP Employment Total Investment 3.0 4.0 Million Tones 1.9% 1.5 million (directly indirectly) PKR 100 Billion (Approx) Average Yield Per Hector 46.8 Tones Total Cane Production 45.0 55.0 Million Tones Cane Available 30-43 Million Tones Average recovery of sugar 9.1 (vs. world avg. 10.6%) Per Capita Consumption 25.8 kegs. Contribution to exchequer Rs. 12.16 Billion Table : Key Facts of Sugar industry of Pakistan, BOI Govt. of Pakistan Currently Pakistan is the 5th largest country in the world in terms of area under sugar cane cultivation, 11th by production and 60th in; yield. Sugarcane is the primary raw material for the production of sugar. The sugar industry in Pakistan is the 2nd largest agro based industry comprising 81 sugar mills with annual crushing capacity of over 6.1 million tones.  [3]  According to Ministry of Industries and Production; total crushing capacity of the Sugar mills is about 505,000 tons per day. The average capacity utilization of the sugar mills during the last five years remained 70% to 74%. The Sugar industry employs over 75000 people, including management experts, technologists, engineers, and financial experts, skilled, semiskilled and unskilled workers. It contributes around 4 billion rupees only under the head of excise duty and other levies to the Government are also paramount significance. Sugar Production in Pakistan The Pakistan is an agriculture country, and agriculture is backbone of economy. Pakistan is also main producer of sugar in worldwide. Sugarcane is an important cash crop of Pakistan. It is an important source of income and employment for the farming community throughout the year. It forms the basis for many important industries like Gur, molasses, alcohol, sugar beverages, chipboard, paper, confectionery and provides raw materials to mainly other industries such as chemicals, plastics, paints, synthetics, fiber, insecticides, detergents etc. According to Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations and FAOSTAT, Pakistan is ranked fifth in world cane acreage and 15th in sugar production. Sugarcane is grown on over a million hectares and provides the raw material for Pakistans sugar mills. Its share in value added of agriculture and GDP are 3.4 percent and 0.7 percent, respectively. Although, Pakistan happens to be the worlds fifth largest grower of sugarcane it has per haps the lowest yield in the world. The average sugarcane yields in Pakistan have remained between 40-45 tons per hectare which is considerably less than those obtained in many other countries. Average yield of sugarcane in the world is around: 65 metric tons per hectare and Asia 65.4 while China 77.1, India 70.6, Pakistan 46.0, Philippines 92.6, Thailand 92.6, Australia 75.5 and Egypt 105 tons per hectare. The sugar recovery is 8.5 % against the obtainable recovery of 10.5%.  [4] Sugarcane production is cyclical as the interests of farmers and industry is often at odds. Industry procurement practices such as delaying the crushing season, buying cane at less than the support price, short weight, false deductions and delayed payments reduce returns to farmers. Sugar millers complain that farmers grow unapproved varieties with low sucrose content, thus resulting in lower sugar production and recovery rates.  [5] For 2008-09, sugarcane has been sown in the area of 1029 thousa nd hectares, 17.1 percent lower than last year. Sugarcane production for the year 2008-09 is estimated at 50.0 million tons, against 63.9 million tons last year. This indicates significant decline of 21.7 percent over the production of last year. The main reasons of lower production are shortage of irrigation water, shifting of area to rice crop less use of DAP and non-payments of dues to farmers by the sugar mills on time for the last years crop.  [6] The following table shows the area cultivated production and yield for sugarcane production. In this also we see the comparison of last five years; Table : Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane, Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09 According to Annual report 2009 of PSMA the reason is milling policies of the current crushing season have provided strong disincentives to sugarcane growers. Sugar mills reduced the price offered per 40 kilos by Rs 5.0 about US$ 0.08 and continued the practice of taking large deductions to meet their cane quality standards, causing cane growers to shift to more profitable crops. For the year 2009/10 sugarcane production is forecast at 53.6 MMT, an increase of 4 percent over the previous year due to an expected increase in area and yield. A shortage of cane supply during the current crushing season led to an increase in cane prices. This situation benefitted growers who received prices higher than the indicative prices announced by the Government. This development is expected to contribute to an increase in sugarcane area and productivity in the ensuing year. Moreover, last years higher production of rice and sunflower led to lower prices received by farmers, thereby encouraging the switch back to sugarcane.  [7] Sugarcane production for year 2009/10 was estimated at 53.6 MMT, which shows an increase of 4 percent compared to that of previous year. This increase was due to an increase in area and yield. A shortage of cane supply during that crushing season led to an increase in its prices. This situation benefitted growers who received prices higher than the indicative prices announced by the Government. This development contributed to an increase in sugarcane area and productivity in the ensuing year. Moreover, a higher production of rice and sunflower 2008 led to lower prices received by farmers, thereby encouraging the switch back to sugarcane. CONSUMPTION In 2009/10 sugar consumption is forecast at 4.35 MMT. Total per capita refined sugar consumption was estimated at 25 kilograms, based on improved domestic supply and strong demand. Retail sugar prices were expected to increase 46 percent above the last years average prices. Much of this increase of price was currency devaluation followed by a rise in international prices. Moreover, the stability of retail prices depended upon timely imports and prevailing prices in the international market. REASONS OF CRISIS Year 2009 saw a natural decrease in the production of sugar. One of the main reasons being that farmers only grow the products giving them maximum benefit. In year 2008 the government increased the price of wheat to Rs. 950 in order to give farmers an incentive to grow wheat. This caused the non growers to grow wheat. Similarly, sugarcane farmers also switched to wheat production. Other than this the production of sugarcane also declined due to difficulty faced in its production. These difficulties included water shortage, behavior of the mills management, late payments, and increase in the input costs, diseases and rodent attack. Mill owners especially got blamed for late or no payments to farmers and limited irrigation water. These two major factors caused the supply of sugar to decrease by 15 to 20 percent as compared to its previous year. Furthermore, the biggest sugar producers, India and Brazil faced unfavorable weather conditions for sugarcane growth. This reduction in global supply caused the price of sugar to credibly increase. Another problem occurred when the wholesalers and mill owners artificially created a shortage of sugar to increase its prices right before Ramadan. These mill owners buy sugarcane 3 to 5 months before hand. Further they limited the supply so that prices of sugar would go up. The main incentive of course was profit. These mill owners have a monopoly in the market and so they are able to control the prices. So all in all in order to manipulate prices, the supply of sugar was artificially reduced in Pakistan. Considering the above stated reason, government mismanagement and sugar industry profiteering are the main reason for sugar crisis in Pakistan in the period 2008 2009. Although the government did watch crop production and was aware of the potential sugar shortage,  it failed to act timely. Various reports in December indicated that the total production was  3.2 million tons while demand was betw een  3.4 to 4.0 million tons. The government solution was to import duty free raw sugar of  300,000  tons so that the mills could process it. However, at that time, the government feared that if they imported duty free raw sugar, then  mill owners would not buy from the local market. Nevertheless, delaying the time of purchase did not seem to be a good idea especially as international price of sugar shot up and sugar was nearly twice as expensive to import. Moving on, the government was aware that sugar consumption always increases around Ramadan. It should have been responsible for managing the shortage in an effective manner. Unlike wheat and other crops, sugar can be easily stored for a long period of time. But  the government did not maintain a stock to prevent crisis. Other than this, if mill owners and wholesalers are manipulating to maximize profit then a strict action should have been taken on the part of government to stop them and m ake certain policies that secures the right of public to a commodity of daily use like sugar at a nominal price at least when it is available. But the government did not respond to this and remained indifferent. Role of political figures in sugar industry Pakistan: The sugar crisis remained there in the economy of Pakistan for a long time. At one point in time the Finance Minister claimed that our government was unable to deal with the powerful sugar manufacturers. The regulatory body had long warned about the anti-competitive and restrictive practices of the sugar industry but no one paid attention to these warnings. Sugar mill owners have always been able to control the price of sugar, once again, due to bad policies of some minions of the state. Due to growth in population of Pakistan and increased industrial activity, the forecast of sugar requirement which was made for the 2009-10 was 4.2 million tons against a total expected production of 3.5 million tons by the countrys 73 plus sugar mills. It is in the knowledge of Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PSMA), that a powerful lobby representing the millers interest, has often made common cause against sugarcane growers who have to generally wait a lot to sell their crop. In spite of importing sugar, the millers have been lobbying for permission to meet the deficit by importing raw sugar and later on by processing, they could process it into refined sugar for sale in the local market. To counterbalance this scenario, the sugarcane growers should also be permitted to convert their crop into gur or raw sugar for sale either to the sugar mills or in the local market. When the idea of importing raw sugar was floated last year, the sugarcane crushing season was about to start in November. At that time, some circles felt that if the permission to import raw sugar was allowed immediately, the sugar mill-owners may not remain very enthusiastic about the procurement of sugarcane from the producers. In the meantime, the news about the likely shortage of sugar in Pakistan reached the global community. Consequently, the price of sugar, including brown sugar, started rising in the international markets. Currently, raw sugar price in the international market is hovering around Rs. 52-54 per kilogram and when processed into refined sugar the cost may go up to Rs. 60-62 per kilogram. Anyhow, the government has now allowed the millers to import 300,000 tons of raw sugar to mitigate the impact of the current sugar crisis, which poses a serious political challenge to the government due to the fact that some political figures, mostly in the opposition, have big stakes in sugar mills. In Pakistan, the sugar sector constitutes 4.2 per cent of manufacturing. Likewise, the mills manufacture sugar for five months but have to release their stock uniformly over the year. Stock piling thus becomes an issue. A study on the sugar sector by the Competition Commission of Pakistan (CCP) reveals that restrictive practices in this sector are widespread. Although CCP does not have sound proof of a sugar cartel in Pakistan, but there is sufficient evidence to suggest about the existence of parallel pricing in this sector. Currently there are 79 sugar mills oper ating currently in the country, amongst them 33 are owned by the renowned political figures. Following paragraph provides the list. NAME Designation (owner of ) : SUGAR MILL NAME Ch Zaka Ashraf President ZTB Ltd Ashraf Sugar mills Haseeb group Cousions of Main Nawaz shareef Brother Sugar Mills Abdullah sugar mills Haseeb sugar mills Salman Shehbaz Son of Mian Shehbaz sharif , CM Punjab Ramzan Sugar mills Nawaz shareef Ex prime minister Chaudry Sugar mills Abdullah Yousaf Sugar Mills Itefaq sugar mills Humayun Akhtar Khan Former Commerce minister , leader of PML-Q Faisalabad Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Muzaffargarh Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Dera Ismail Khan Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Jehangir Tarin cousin of Humayun Akhtar khan (Two)JDW Sugar Mills United Sugar Mills Amer Sultan Cheema son-in-law of Ch Shujaat, President of PML-Q National Sugar Mills Sargodha Nasrullah Dareshk Former federal minister Indus Sugar Mills Abbas Sarfraz Former federal minister Premier Group(contains 4 mills) Saleem Altaf former federal minister Baba Farid Sugar Mills Shakargan j Mills. Fehmida mirza Speaker national assembly Mirza sugar mills The original owner of the Ansari and Sakrand Sugar Mills in Sindh is the top man of the country, but they said mills are being run by others. The network of political authorities compelled the Federal Minister for Industries who is Mian Manzoor Ahmed watoo, to fix the ex-mill price of sugar at Rs 48 per kg in the province Sindh and Rs 49.75 in Khaibar Pakhtoonkhuah(NWFP) and Punjab .Immediately after the Punjab government made a deal with sugar mills, and according to that deal the ex-mill price was set at Rs 45 instead of the aforementioned prices, the chief executive of the country came into action and accorded approval to Rs 45 as ex-mill price across the country. After much chaos in the country, the Ministry of Industries and Production and All-Pakistan Sugar Mills Association, finally reached an agreement to sell sugar at ex-mill rate of Rs. 48 per kilogram in Sindh as mentioned earlier and Rs. 49.75 per kilogram in Punjab. As a follow-up to this agreement, Federal Minister for Industries and Production Mian Manzoor Ahmed Wattoo revealed in the recent year of 2010 that the government has withdrawn cases which were registered against sugar mill owners in order to improve sugar supply chain and to stabilize its prices. Research has however shown that the input cost of the sugar stands at Rs 33.48 per kg which means that after cartelization and mutual agreements they have setup a high margin and has been dishonest with the masses by selling sugar at Rs 50 to Rs 55 per kg still has the maximum margin to pocket the profit of Rs 12 per kg when the ex-mill price was fixed at Rs 45 per kg. Khalid Mirza, who is the Chairman, Competition Commission, Pakistan. Made fine to the cement industry Rs 6.23 billion after it was evident the there is a cartel among cement manufactures just like in case of Sugar. He resolved to act accordingly, in the case of sugar industry, and not get under pressure by the political players. There is dominant political lobby of the self-interested sugarcane growers and the sugar industry, which has always made it possible to set the prices according to their vested interests and therefore deceive masses. In November 2008 the Ministry of sugar Industries sent a summary report to the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC), seeking permission of the import of raw sugar because of the shortage of sugarcane crop by 14 million tones. At that time Pakistan produced 50 million tons less by 14 tones in comparison with the sugarcane production of 64 million tons in 2007. Pakistan produced sugar of 3.2 million out of 50 million tones sugarcane crop however the requirement was 4.2 million tones sugar. The TCP documents suggests that Pakistani government , few months later, in February 2009, made an import of 25,000 tons of sugar at $451 per ton which is equivalent to PKR 51 per kg at Karachi sea port. few months later in April th ey imported 50,000 tons at $474 per tones (Rs 53 per kg) at Karachi port again and in the same month it again imported 50,000 tons of sugar at prices of $494 per ton (Rs 55 per kg) and in the month of August 75,000 tones at $638 per ton, meaning the total cost of the sugar is at Rs 74 kg. SCENARIO OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN 2010: The sugar industry in Pakistan continued to deal with uncertainty in 2009 due to decreasing sugar production and a lack of coordinated government policy. This uncertainty has been seen in the current fiscal year 2010.The sugar industry has been showing varying trends in the current year. At July end, just a fortnight before the advent of Ramadan, there was Rs.10 per kg increase in the price of sugar sold at the utility stores. The objective of the move was to counteract against hoarding by profiteers during the holy month. The six-member ministerial committee once again relied on the Trading Corporation of Pakistan (TCP) to import 375,000 metric tons of sugar to replenish supplies, which it had earlier held responsible for the failure to import 1.2 million metric tons of the commodity by June 30.Previously Economic Coordination Committee made efforts to improve the sugar supply in the market, and it even authorized the committee to import sugar by either negotiating deals dir ectly with the private sector or by tendering, whichever way the sweetener reached the country quickest. The six member committee was constituted after the TCP failed to import 1.2 million metric tons of sugar on the government directive to meet the shortfall between production and consumption. The government had estimated the shortfall of over one million metric tons. At the last ECC meeting, it was told that official sugar stock was sufficient only for 13 days. At the meeting, the sugar price was fixed at Rs55 per kg, up by Rs10 from the currently-pegged official rate of Rs45 per kg. The government took this decision to avert pressure from the utility stores after the commodity prices started witnessing an upward trend in the run-up to Ramazan. The new rates will take effect from the first day of the holy month. After Ramazan, according to the committee decision, the difference between the open market and utility stores would not be of more than Rs10 per kg. This stood as a broad hint that the commodity prices would further register a Rs5 per kg increase after Ramazan as the market rate is hovering above Rs70 per kg. c.gif The committee also recommended allowing duty-free import of 500,000 metric ton of raw sugar till November 30, 2010 on a first come, first served basis. The committee also decided that with the completion of the current sugar import process the market forces will be allowed to prevail and the private sector would be encouraged to import sugar. The crisis in the sugar industry prevailed in mid 2010 because of failure on part of the cabinet to implement its decision of export of raw sugars and because the government failed to implement the recommendations of the regulator under the influence of vested interests. The latest October/November story of sugar industry includes hoarding scenario and recovery of 35000 bags of sugar which has impaired the credibility of Pakistan Sugar Mills Association. Business recorder summarizes this story as: The raid at the mills as reported in the press has tarnished the image of Pakistan Sugar Mills Association. Chairman Pakistan Sugar Mills Association in a press conference held on November 8 2010 had stated that sugar industry had already exhausted its stocks based on data received from member mills, including Hussein Sugar Mills Limited which reported 1.5 ton as remaining balance as on October 31, 2010. The recovery of 35,000 bags by Administration has raised questions and grossly impaired the credibility of PSMA. The Punjab government on November 30th informed the Lahore High Court that delayed import of sugar by the federal government had caused shortage of sugar in the province and its sale on high price. The latest October/November story of sug ar industry includes hoarding scenario and recovery of 35000 bags of sugar which has impaired the credibility of Pakistan Sugar Mills Association. Business recorder summarizes this story as: The raid at the mills as reported in the press has tarnished the image of Pakistan Sugar Mills Association. Chairman Pakistan Sugar Mills Association in a press conference held on November 8 2010 had stated that sugar industry had already exhausted its stocks based on data received from member mills, including Hussein Sugar Mills Limited which reported 1.5 ton as remaining balance as on October 31, 2010. The recovery of 35,000 bags by Administration has raised questions and grossly impaired the credibility of PSMA. The Punjab government on November 30th informed the Lahore High Court that delayed import of sugar by the federal government had caused shortage of sugar in the province and its sale on high price. The average retail sugar price in Karachi on November 30th was Rs 88 per kg, Rs 8 5 and Rs 88 in Peshawar and Quetta, respectively. However, the retailers in Lahore and Islamabad were selling sugar at Rs 72 per kg, the price officially announced by the government. Industries and Production Secretary Abdul Ghaffar Soomro said the sugar prices were directly linked with the price of sugarcane and the federal government had no control over that matter. He said the indicative rate announced by the Punjab government was Rs 125 per 40 kg, but the farmers were selling it at Rs 150 per 40 kg and in Sindh the mills were buying sugarcane at Rs 160 per 40 kg against the indicative price of Rs 217 per 40 kg. The sugar crisis is expected to resurface next year due to lack of coordination among various organs of the government and in the absence of any regulatory body to control sugar prices. Inadequate reserves with the provincial departments led to a free hand to market manipulators, who gradually increased the prices to more than Rs 100 per kg a few days ago. The quant ity sanctioned to the provinces and the Islamabad territory in Ramazan had not been lifted by them till now. There was no sugar shortage in the country rather there will be surplus sugar in the coming days because the sugar mills had started their production and imports were also in progress. CONCLUSION: The major reasons for the sugar crisis brewing in 2009 and 2010 had been inability in framing effective measures by the provincial governments to control hoarding, failure to import sugar to meet shortfall of sugar production in the country, and an overall lack of government policy. The operation of cartels as explained had played an inevitable role in worsening the sugar crisis in the country. RECOMMENDATIONS: Tight regulatory policies should be chalked out to prevent sugar hoarding and appropriate surveillance measures should be implemented on a timely basis to check for illegal activities like hoarding carried in the sugar industry. Effective measures should be adopted to import sugar without any delay to overcome the sugar deficit in the country, and to avoid sugar price hike. A ban should be placed on the formation of cartels to avoid sugar deficit and sugar price hike. Sugar industries should be granted subsidies frequently to encourage them to forecast the sugar demand accurately and to prevent hoarding. REFRENCES: https://pkonweb.com/2010/11/sugar-cartel-politicians-behind-sugar-crisis-views-on-news-10-nov-2010/ https://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/26-Sep-2009/Sugar-cartel-may-blackmail-growers https://ibrahimsajidmalick.com/tag/sugar-crisis/ https://haroonhaider.com/category/sugar-shortage-in-pakistan/ https:// www.scribd.com/doc/20276168/Sugar-Crisis-in-Pakistan-research-paper https://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Business/06-Jan-2010/Sugar-crisis-may-deepen-further-in-coming-months https://www.chowrangi.com/sugar-crisis-in-pakistan-is-there-any-other-name-for-a-thief.html

Essay on Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children

When a man is unpleased with something his spouse says or does and he hits her, our society labels it as abuse. If a mother hits her child our society labels it as spanking. Whichever terminology is used to help define corporal punishment, it all means the same. The very idea of physical discipline is based on an adult using his or her larger physique and power to intimidate and force someone much smaller and weaker into a state of compliance (Rathis, 2007). In the western culture, they publically frown at people who use their physical power to dominate someone smaller, yet when it comes to their children they take a pass, turn their heads, and call it spanking (Ray, 2008). It is hard to understand why society continues to argue the†¦show more content†¦It is just as bad to spank a child because it causes them to want to use force to solve their own problems. Hitting a child is no different than hitting someone else. Parenting Magazine says hitting a child doesn’t tea ch them anything but to have a might makes a right attitude towards others (Kuttner, 1988). This means that using spanking as a disciplinary method only teaches them that hitting someone when they do something wrong is the right thing to do. Another magazine that deals with parenting issues basically says the same thing about physical punishment. We do not say to our children (most of us, anyway), Hitting is right or Hitting is a good thing to do. We do not really believe that it is a good thing to hit people. Most of us are not in favor of hitting children. However, many of us (most of us, actually) behave as if it is a good thing to do says Straus (2002). The main problem is that parents are not informed well enough on the issue that spanking is bad. The last quote shows that parents are totally unaware that they are even hurting their child because the parents behave as if it is a good thing to do. 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swot analysis of aerotek - 1217 Words

Introduction Aerotek, headquartered in Hanover, Md., is a leading provider of technical, professional and industrial staffing services. Established in 1983, Aerotek is an operating company of Allegis Group, the largest provider of staffing services in the U.S. Aerotek operates a network of more than 200 non-franchised offices throughout the U.S., Canada and Europe. SWOT analysis provides a structure for analyzing either your own strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats you face, or in a work context for analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats a business or event faces. Ideally it is one step in a process which helps you to 1. Appreciate the strengths of a situation, and you may then decide to†¦show more content†¦SWOT analyses usually benefit from discussion, get other people’s perspectives. Remember to be realistic and focused on what really happens. In a SWOT analysis of Aerotek can be viewed under the four headings, like Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats SWOT analysis of Aerotek STRENGTHS 1. Aerotek was established in 1983 attract more customers in multiple markets. 2. They have around 200 offices in various locations and countries. 3. Being wide-spread means we can adapt our program each year to meet our member’s requests. 4. Aerotek have a simple budget process and decisions are made by various teams. Meeting every two weeks can help dealing with matters efficiently. 5. Employees in Aerotek like working for the company, because the company policy is to respect the personal and professional development

Walt Whitman Essay Example For Students

Walt Whitman Essay In my opinion the poet which best exemplifies modernism is Walt Whitman. Walt Whitmans stylistic preference is not exactly mine, but it is definitely a good example of modern poetry. He has broken down many walls of traditional poetry, using the style of long, free verse prose. In which he praises everything. It is impossible to talk about modern poetry without making any references to traditional poetry. It is not enough to say that Walt Whitman is a pioneer in modern poetry. We must explain what walls he and other poets have broken. When I speak of traditional poetry one name always comes to mind, that name is William Shakespeare. When I study Shakespeares work, especially his sonnets I see exactly what traditional poetry is. It is exact and precise in its rhyme scheme, meter, and length. All of Shakespeares sonnets are fourteen lines long, with an ABAB (CDCD EFEF GG) rhyme scheme. The syllables in each verse of the poem are exact and in a pattern. Traditional poets thinks of life occurrences are dictated by fate, taking the control away from the people. Modern day poets try to break down these stylistic restrictions by using different types of rhyme, meter and length or sometimes none at all. Walt Whitman has definitely cut the red tape in poetry. Every restriction I have mentioned he has changed and disregarded. For instance, Whitman does not believe in pre-destination or fate. In essence he believes that the world is what you make of it. He also finds good in everything. To him death is as good as life. Taking a shower is equally as good as smelling horribly. He saw nothing wrong with anything yet he celebrated everything around him. I myself am a fan of Shakespeare and Whitmans train of thought is bogus to me. But these are the examples of how he has broken away from the styles of the old. To express his ideas he does not use the typical short-rhyme scheme but uses instead very lengthy verses that do not rhyme. A poem by Walt Whitman, which is a perfect example of this rebellion towards the traditional styles of poetry, is Song of Myself. Whitman lovers regard this poem as one of the best. It is also one of his most anthologized pieces. The reason for this is probably because it is a perfect example of modern poetry. It is a poem that spans over one thousand three hundred forty five lines of free-verse prose. In the poem Whitman addresses many topics and confronts them with the same attitude, everything is all good. He speaks of life, death, religion, sex and himself. I personally dont understand how Walt Whitman found good in all things without finding anything bad. In my view of life, I cant find one without the other. In conclusion, by the reason stated, I believe that Walt Whitman is the epidemy of modern poetry. He is one of the founding fathers of this relatively new style of writing poetry and is one of the respecting leaders of the art form.

Rethinking Peoples Perception of Gender An Ideal Feminine Role. The Victorian Perspective

Introduction: Victorian Women, Hearth, Home and Other Irrelevant Things The world has been ruled by men for quite an impressive amount of time – as a matter of fact, it was only in the early XX century when a woman was finally recognized by most of the men’s population a three feet of a person; therefore, the idea of the role which a woman was supposed to perform was quite humble. Mostly because of the peculiarities which her social functions presupposed, a woman was to be a role model and the â€Å"angel† who took care of the house and relied completely on the man who protected her from the evil of the outside world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rethinking People’s Perception of Gender: An Ideal Feminine Role. The Victorian Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why, when women for the first time finally started taking the jobs which were considered as the prerogative of men, they had to face a number of difficulties in their workplace. The ideal feminine role, according to Wolfe, was a woman devoting herself to the household chores and completely unwilling to participate in any sort of social activities, which created a great obstacle for women’s further personal and professional development. Maintaining the Family Harmony: The Goddess of Heart and Home To start with, a Victorian woman as Wolfe portrays her was supposed to be literally the Angel of the house, to be more precise, the guardian angel, keeping the cozy atmosphere and making sure that all the members of the family live in peace. As Wolfe explains, she resorted to writing as her first step towards her personal independence mainly because it was the least disturbing way to start the feminist revolution – and by far the easiest one: The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen. No demand was made upon the family purse. For ten and sixpence one can buy paper enough to write all the plays of Shakespeare–if one has a mind that way. (Wolfe 1) Making a woman highly dependable on the family life, the title of the keeper of the hearth was not easy to get rid of. On the one hand, the title presupposed a considerable amount of=responsibility; on the other hand, the given responsibility concerned strictly the household issues, while the rest of the fields where a woman could use her intelligence and skills were closed tight. Pointing out the absurdity of this policy, Wolfe blazed the trail for women’s development and independence. Charming in Her Unselfishness: Altruism at Its Extreme The second asset of a Victorian woman as the society wanted her to be, complete unselfishness was another stumbling block on the way to independence. Indeed, a Victorian Angel was supposed to care the least about herself: â€Å"She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish.† Thus, the Victorian epoch made a woman forget about her personal development and contribute to what is best for society. The issue is quite controversial, since being egotistic was not a solution for the problem, yet giving everything to the others and not demanding anything in return was a wrong thing to do either, for it shaped the idea of a woman as a weak-willed and undetermined human being.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Purity as the Greatest Asset: The Saving Grace of Virtue The idea of women’s purity in Victorian epoch deserves an honorable mentioning. As Wolfe explains, being absolutely innocent and pure was the element without which a woman could not be accepted into the Victorian society and was doomed to live the life of a social outcast, shunned for her freedom of thinking. As Wolfe pouts it, â€Å"Her purity was supposed to be her chief beauty – her blushes, her great grace† (Wolfe 1). It is necessary to admit that the whole idea of purity is not that bad; it is just that, driven to its complete extreme, it makes people lose the remnants of humanity and shun the women who make the slightest step towards becoming liberated. Although it is clear that the borderline between purity and depravity must be drawn, the details of people’s personal life must not be made public. Conclusion: When the Victorian Image Has Worn out Its Welcome Therefore, it is obvious that a Victorian woman was not allowed to do anything that was valued as more significant than charity. Being the second fiddle in her home-made symphony, a Victorian woman, According to Virginia Wolfe, was a damsel, a pretty face that could substitute for a home decoration. Being one of the first people to raise their voice against the deplorable state which women were trapped in, Virginia Wolfe made a breakthrough in the world culture. Indeed, despite the fact that women have had relatively lit tle time to establish something grand and make their contribution to the society development, a lot has been made. And Virginia Wolfe is one of those people whom the honor for making it possible goes to. Works Cited Wolfe, Virginia. Professions for Women. 1931. PDF file. This essay on Rethinking People’s Perception of Gender: An Ideal Feminine Role. The Victorian Perspective was written and submitted by user Leo Erickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learning in Adulthood

Loneliness in John Steinbeck s Novel “of Mice and Men “ Essays

Loneliness in John Steinbeck s Novel â€Å"of Mice and Men â€Å" Essays Loneliness in John Steinbeck s Novel â€Å"of Mice and Men â€Å" Paper Loneliness in John Steinbeck s Novel â€Å"of Mice and Men â€Å" Paper Essay Topic: Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is a powerful and moving novel by John Steinbeck, telling of two men following their dream of independence in the midst of the Depression. The story begins in the foothills of Salinas, California, in the middle of the Great Depression. Throughout this entire novel, there are many examples of loneliness. Steinbeck stresses the theme of loneliness through the characters working on the ranch, particularly Crooks, Candy, and Curleys wife. George and Lennie are two ranch hands that travel together, with George watching over the mentally inferior Lennie. When they start work at a new ranch, several different characters are introduced. One affliction that seems to face several characters is loneliness, created by factors such as the character’s lifestyles and by social standards of the time period. The book begins with a calm and peaceful setting of nature. ‘A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops close to the hill-side and runs deeps and green. The water is warm too, for it has slipped twinkling over the sands in the sunlight before reaching the narrow pool. This shows the peaceful world of nature, it is very calm and tranquil. The pool shows signs of innocence, as it are only a branch of the Salinas River. The river is a sign of the secrets and the future in nature and the novel. The deep green makes it unable to see the riverbed; this shows signs of a faint and perhaps a dangerous view of the future. Despite the movement and the motion of the river, there are still signs of loneliness; there is only the c yclical of nature. The language Steinbeck uses to describe the setting is sophisticated and formal. Steinbeck’s theme that loneliness is unhealthy and dangerous to a person’s well being is emphasized throughout the novel. This underlying theme is first introduced in the novel when George talks to Lennie about the advantage they have over other travelling workers of the time. Steinbeck presents the theme of loneliness through the characters. The language he uses to describe the landscape and characters show signs of loneliness. The character’s past reflect their loneliness and the death of both Candy’s dog and Lennie create the major theme of loneliness. Nature and animals play a large role in the story, the main comparison of man and nature is when Lennie is described as a bear. George described how other ranch hands like themselves who travelled alone had nothing to look forward to, and no one to look after them. He told Lennie how other workers would just work up a stake and blow it at a bar because they had no where else to go, no one else to look after them. George and Lennie share a bond so strong that when one is destroyed, the other inevitably is as well. Steinbeck often stresses how ranchers are loners, and George and Lennie are the only ones who travel in pairs. They seem to be two halves of the same person, and they know how special together they truly are. Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world They got no family. They dont belong no place They aint got nothing to look ahead to With us, it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us . George appreciates Lennie’s friendship because he knows that being alone can lead to a more negative view on life. Towards the end of section one, before George and Lennie reach the ranch, they camp for the night in a beautiful clearing and George assures Lennie of their special relationship. In this passage, George explains their friendship, which forms the heart of the novel. One of the first friends they make on arrival at the new ranch is a man named Candy. Candy is another character who deals with loneliness. He is the oldest man on the ranch and is disabled. The only work he can do is cleaning out the bunkhouse and other odd jobs. His only companion is his old dog who stays by his side. His only company, his faithful, old, blind, toothless dog, is stripped away from him and killed. Now left with nothing Candy fears that he will be treated the same way in the future and begs Lennie and George to let him work on their future ranch. Candy says, I wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more jobs. Candy says this because he knows after he gets canned he wont have anything to live for, he will just live out in the country all by himself. After Carlson shot Candy’s dog, reality hit because he can’t work because of his missing hand and he lost his only friend he had for years. When candy was ease dropping on George and Lennie’s conversation about their future plans when they get enough money, he was eager to join and help out because he had nothing left at the ranch for example â€Å"I’d make a will an’ leave my share to you guys incase I kick off, cause I ain’t got no relatives nor nothing† (59). This quote relates to loneliness because once Candy dies, he doesn’t have no family or friends to leave his belongings to and there’s nothing else on the ranch Candy can do so he might as well leave with George and Lennie. Crooks is an African American who experiences loneliness and isolation in the ranch. First of all, Crooks fascination to George and Lennies friendship demonstrates his loneliness and solitude. As Crooks says hesitatingly, If you guys would want a hand to work for nothing- just his keep, why Id come an lend a hand. I aint so crippled I cant work like a son-of-a-bitch if I want to. (76). Crooks shows that he can do everything to be with others. Crooks aspires to find a friendship by joining the dream of George and Lennie, to live off the fatta the lan' (14) with them. This is Crooks desperate attempt to make friends and be with others in order to overcome the loneliness and isolation he faces in the ranch. Moreover, the the jealousy and curiosity of George and Lennies friendship lead to Crooks desire to make friends with Lennie. Crooks expresses his loneliness and anguish to Lennie, A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely and he gets sick. (72). Curley’s wife is one of the loneliest characters in the novel; she has no identity, she is seen as an object, a possession of Curley’s She wants attention and by gaining that attention, she act the way people think. Curley’s wife tries to talk to somebody besides her own husband, whom she can never find, but everybody in the ranch refuses, due to her husband’s reactions and anger problems when somebody tries to talk to her. She likes to dress up and wear a lot of make up, to attract the men. The men on the other hand do not flirt with her, as they are afraid of what Curly might do. For example Curley’s wife was trying to talk to Lennie when he was alone in the barn but Lennie refuses because George warns him about her. â€Å"I get lonely, you can talk to people but I can’t talk to nobody but curly† (87). This quotation relates to loneliness because no one, not even Lennie, will have a conversation with Curley’s wife and that’s all she pleads for. Like Curley’s wife, Crooks also has no name, it is just a nickname the other ranch-hands use because he is crippled. He is intelligent and very well organised; he has his own room where he keeps his books and possessions. For him, his room is a haven or an oasis. ‘For, being alone, Crooks could leave his things about†¦this room was swept and fairly neat, for Crooks was a proud, aloof man. ’ This shows signs of isolation, as there is no one to comment on the tidiness of his room. He feels isolated and bitter. He is the victim of oppressive violence and prejudice on the ranch. When he first meets Lennie, there is an immediate rejection of friendship mainly due to the anguish of his loneliness. ‘Well, I got a right to have a light. You go on get outa my room. I ain’t wanted in the bunkhouse, and you ain’t wanted in my room. ’ He does not know that Lennie is unlike the other men, he has been criticised and made fun off, so he does not appreciate the company of others until he gets to know them and their attitude towards him. He tells Lennie of his hopes of having some one to talk to. ‘I tell ya a guy gets too lonely, an’ he gets sick. ’ He admits to feeling isolated, he wishes for a friend to talk to. For a moment, Lennie seems to be a new friend, Lennie sees Crooks as an individual, a person in his own right. Crooks respects him for this and is excited about his new companionship. Again the reader only finds this out when Crooks tells Lennie about his feelings. Crooks admits to not having a dream as he is afraid of disappointment, he does however get caught up in working with George and Lennie in the dream farm. His hopes are shattered by George’s dismissive attitude. ‘I didn’ mean it. Jus foolin’. I wouldn’t want to go no place like that. ’ The lonely characters feel they can confide in Lennie, as they know he will not tell anyone. Crooks is treated as an outcast due to the perspective of race and black people of the time. Black people were seen as outcasts that had no right to mix with the whites. Curley is a small ex-boxer. He is one of the most violent characters on the ranch. He hopes that by being violent and aggressive towards the weaker characters, he will gain authority. He however avoids those he considers to be strong and with authority, such as Slim. He sees everyone with a lower status and sees people as a ladder. Through this novel, Steinbeck illustrates the loneliness results from racial discrimination and prejudice in ranch life during that time period. He demonstrates that the extreme loneliness would eventually lead to peoples desperate attempts at making friends. Loneliness, is humans major enemy that caused by discrimination and prejudice among humans. Only friendship can prevent humans from suffering from loneliness.